• 定義：
    • 動詞 (verb)是表示動作或狀態的詞，每一個句子都有動詞，而且只有一個動詞。，如果需要有兩個以上的動詞一定要想辦法解決。

      •  
  • 動詞用法：
    • 及物動詞：
      及物是指動詞後面接名詞 (N.), 也就是受詞 (O.), 在字典裡通常會標示為 Vt (t: transitive)
      及物動詞 範例
      完全及物動詞 I like the boy.
      不完全及物動詞 You make me happy.
      完全及物動詞，其後必須接受詞意思才完整。
      不完全及物動詞的受詞後面必須接補語意思才會完整。常見有：make, leave等。
    • 不及物動詞：

      不及物則後面不接 N. 或 O., 而是接 副詞或介係詞. 在字典裡通常會標示為 Vi (i: intransitive)
      不及物動詞 範例
      完全不及物動詞 Birds fly.
      不完全不及物動詞 I live with my family.
      完全不及物動詞，其後不需要接補語，意思已完整。
      不完全不及物動詞亦稱為「連繫動詞」，後面須接補語。常見有：be, seem, look, become, appear, get等。

      •  
  • 動詞變化：
    • 規則：
      規則變化 範例
      V+ed ended, opened
      V字尾e+d liked, lived
      V字尾子音y-ied tried, studied
      V字尾母音y+ed stayed, obeyed
      V字尾短母音+子音-重複子音+ed stopped, rubbed
    • 不規則：
      • 三型同型 A-A-A型
        解釋 原形 過去式 過去分詞
        賭 bet bet bet
        吩咐 bid bid bid
        花費 cost cost cost
        切 cut cut cut
        打擊 hit hit hit
        傷害 hurt hurt hurt
        讀 read read read
        設置 set set set
        流出 shed shed shed
        關閉 shut shut shut
        吐 spit spit spit
        分離 split split split
        傳播 spread spread spread
        心煩 upset upset upset
      • 二式同形 A-A-B型
        解釋 原形 過去式 過去分詞
        打 beat beat beaten
      • 二式同形 A-B-A型
        解釋 原形 過去式 過去分詞
        成為 become became become
        來 come came come
        克服 overcome overcame overcome
        跑 run ran run
      • 二式同形 A-B-B型
        解釋 原形 過去式 過去分詞
        彎 bend bent bent
        綑綁 bind bound bound
        流血 bleed bled bled
        帶來 bring brought brought
        建造 build built built
        買 buy bought bought
        捕 catch caught caught
        爬行 creep crept crept
        處理 deal dealt dealt
        挖掘 dig dug dug
        飼養 feed fed fed
        感覺 feel felt felt
        戰 fight fought fought
        發現 find found found
        逃 flee fled fled
        得 get got got
        研磨 grind ground ground
        吊 hang hung hung
        有 have/has had had
        聽 hear heard heard
        把握 hold held held
        保持 keep kept kept
        跪 kneel knelt knelt
        放置 lay laid laid
        領導 lead led led
        學習 learn learned learned
        離開 leave left left
        借給 lend lent lent
        失去 lose lost lost
        做 make made made
        意欲 mean meant meant
        遇到 meet met met
        付款 pay paid paid
        說 say said said
        尋求 seek sought sought
        賣 sell sold sold
        寄送 send sent sent
        照耀 shine shone shone
        射 shoot shot shot
        坐 sit sat sat
        睡 sleep slept slept
        聞 smell smelt smelt
        拼字 spell spelt spelt
        花費 spend spent spent
        紡織 spin spun spun
        站立 stand stood stood
        黏貼 stick stuck stuck
        刺 sting stung stung
        打擊 strike struck struck
        掃 sweep swept swept
        搖擺 swing swung swung
        教 teach taught taught
        告訴 tell told told
        想 think thought thought
        知道 understand understood understood
        哭 weep wept wept
        勝 win won won
        捲動 wind wound wound
      • 三式不同形 A-B-C型
        解釋 原形 過去式 過去分詞
        生 bear bore born
        開始 begin began begun
        咬 bite bit bitten
        吹 blow blew blown
        打破 break broke broken
        選擇 choose chose chosen
        做 do did done
        畫 draw drew drawn
        喝 drink drank drunk
        駕駛 drive drove driven
        吃 eat ate eaten
        落下 fall fell fallen
        飛 fly flew flown
        忘記 forget forgot forgotten
        寬恕 forgive forgave forgiven
        凍結 freeze froze frozen
        給 give gave given
        去 go went gone
        生長 grow grew grown
        躲藏 hide hid hidden
        知道 know knew known
        躺 lie lay lain
        誤會 mistake mistook mistaken
        騎乘 ride rode ridden
        鳴鍾 ring rang rung
        升起 rise rose risen
        看 see saw seen
        搖動 shake shook shaken
        展出 show showed shown
        唱 sing sang sung
        下沉 sink sank sunk
        說話 speak spoke spoken
        跳躍 spring sprang sprung
        偷 steal stole stolen
        奮鬥 strive strove striven
        發誓 swear swore sworn
        游泳 swim swam swum
        拿取 take took taken
        撕裂 tear tore torn
        投擲 throw threw thrown
        穿 wear wore worn
        編織 weave wove woven
        寫 write wrote written
    •  
  • 時態：
    • 簡單式：
      現在時間
      簡單現在式表示現在發生的事件、動作、狀態、習慣或存在的真理與事實。 形式：V, V-s, V-es 或 V-ies。一般動詞用原形，如果主詞是「第三人稱單數」後面動詞要加「s」或「es」。be 動詞依主詞人稱使用am, are, is。另一個常用動詞have，主詞第三人稱單數時用has。
      • 表示存在的狀態、現在發生的動作：
      • He is my uncle.
      • I am happy.
      • Jim opens the door.
       
      • 表示習慣：常配合頻率副詞 every, often, always, usually
      • He gets up at seven every morning.
      • He often writes homework after school.
      • He takes a walk after dinner every day.
       
      • 表示真理與事實：
      • The sun rises in the east.
      • The earth goes around the sun.
       
      • 也可代替未來式：如 go, come, leave, start, begin 等
      • He comes tomorrow morning.
      • He leaves next week.
      過去時間
      用來描述發生與結束均是於過去時間的事件、行為與動作。簡單過去式的句型，只要將簡單現在式中的主要動詞，更改成過去式動詞。 形式：V-ed 或不規則變化。be動詞用was, were。一般動詞就不用在考慮主詞人稱問題，動詞用過去式。
      • 表示過去發生的動作：
      • I was happy yesterday.
      • Jim opened the door yesterday.
      • He went to America last May.
      未來時間
      用來描述未來發生的行為動作或出現的事件狀態。 形式：will / shall + V 或be going to + V。在動詞前面加上will(將要)，它本身是個「助動詞」，而動詞要用原形動詞。
      • 表示未來發生的動作或狀態：
      • I will be happy.
      • Jim will open the door.
      • He will come tomorrow.
       
      • 未來式 will/shall 的相等語：
        be going to：
      • It is going to snow.
      • She is going to write to him.
      • be about to：
      • The show is about to begin.
      • We are not about to stop now.
    • 進行式：
      現在時間
      用來描述在說話時或現階段正在進行的動作,如「正在...」表示。 形式：am / is / are + Ving，現在式be動詞＋現在分詞。
      • He is doing homework.
      • It is running.
      • Jim is opening the door.
      過去時間
      用來描述在過去某一階段或某個時間點上正在進行的動作。 形式：was / were + Ving，過去式be動詞＋現在分詞。
      • He was doing homework.
      • It was running.
      • Jim was opening the door when I came.
      未來時間
      用來描述在未來某一階段或某個時間點上正在進行的動作。 形式：will be + Ving，will＋be動詞原型＋現在分詞。
      • He will be doing homework after dinner.
      • It will be running by the end of the summer.
      • Jim will be opening the door when I come.
    • 完成式：
      現在時間
      用來描述從過去某個時間點開始到現在為止已完成或仍在持續的動作、狀態或經驗。 形式：has / have + PP(過去分詞)
      • I have arrived.
      • Jim has opened the door.
      • He has watched television.
      • Jim has been America three times.
      過去時間
      用來描述在過去某段時間內已經完成的動作或存在的狀態。 形式：had + PP(過去分詞)
      • I had arrived home when she came.
      • Jim had opened the door at that time.
      • He had watched television when I came.
      未來時間
      用來描述在未來某時刻前已經完成的動作。 形式：will have + PP(過去分詞)
      • I will have finished homework tomorrow.
      • Jim will have opened the door when I come.
      • I will have worked here for 2 years by this time next week.
    • 完成進行式：
      現在時間
      用來描述從過去某個時間點開始到現在仍在持續進行的動作。 形式：has / have been + Ving
      • You have been waiting here for two hours.
      • Jim has been opening the door for an hour.
      • He has been watching too much television lately.
      • He has been working here for three years.
      過去時間
      用來描述在過去某時刻前就已經持續一段時間的動作或狀態，且該事件仍可能在繼續進行。 形式：had been + Ving
      • They had been talking for over an hour before Jim arrived.
      • Jim had been opening the door for an hour when I came.
      • He had been crying for half an hour when I got there.
      • How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
      未來時間
      用來描述在未來某時刻前仍在繼續進行的動作。 形式：will have been + Ving
      • You will have been waiting for over two hours when he arrives.
      • Jim will have been opening the door for an hour when I finally arrive.

      •  
  • 語態：
    • 因為完全不及物動詞，根本就沒有受詞的存在，所以根本無法形成被動語態，只能用主動的方式來說明句子的主詞的動作行為。因此完全不及物動詞是沒有，也無法有被動語態的。而完全及物動詞的句子，因為有受詞，所以可以把主動語態變成被動語態。
    • 主動：
      主動語態表示句子的主詞是動作的執行者。主動語態是簡潔有力的，可以清楚的知道「誰」執行了這個動作。
      • I mailed a letter.
      • Jim opens the door.
      • Jim ate a cake.
    • 被動：
      被動語態表示句子的主詞是動作的承受者。被動語態比較不直接的，當主詞未知或想強調動作的受詞，可以使用被動語態。把受詞變成主詞，把動詞改成 be動詞+過去分詞，把原主詞改成by片語。就形成 主詞 (S) + Be 動詞 (be V) + 過去分詞(PP)，也可在之後加上by + N，補充說明主詞是以什麼樣的方式承受某種動作。
      • A letter was mailed by me.
      • The door is opened by Jim.
      • A cake was eaten by Jim.
      如果原來主動式的主詞為你我他（們）等人稱代名詞，變成by片語時，要由原本的主格改成受格。 被動語態的使用往往配合了三種特殊情境：
      1. 強調被施受的主詞或是動作。
      2. 施受的主詞不確定。
      3. 為了上下文的轉折，使語氣更順暢。
  • 語法:
    • 直述法：
      肯定句
      表示意義的肯定敘述一個事實、情境、觀念等，其語意及句法皆與中文句子雷同。
      am I am happy.
      is He is happy.
      She is happy.
      My dog is happy.
      are You are happy.
      We are happy.
      She and I are happy.
      否定句
      否定句就是在be動詞的後面加上not。其他動詞的用法：助動詞 + not + 原形動詞。
      am I am not happy.
      is He is not happy.
      She is not happy.
      My dog is not happy.
      are You are not happy.
      We are not happy.
      She and I are not happy.
      疑問句
      把be動詞移到句首就是問句。通常用yes或no先回答，又叫Yes-No問句。其他動詞的用法：助動詞（如Do, Does, Did, Can, Could, Have, Has, etc) + 主詞 + 原形動詞。
      am Am I happy?
      is Is he happy?
      Is she happy?
      Is my dog happy?
      are Are you happy?
      Are we happy?
      Are she and I happy?
    • 祈使句：
      表示請求、命令或禁止的句子。當我們使用「祈使句」時，是向「對方」下命令，或是說「要求對方」做某事，所以「祈使句」又叫做「命令句」。 當我們在使用「祈使句」時，主詞you通常被省略，動詞要改為原形動詞，如am, are, is的原形動詞是be。
      • Sit down. 坐下
      • Open the window. 打開窗戶
    • 假設句：
      所謂的假設語氣就是表達「與事實相反」的語氣，並藉由「動詞時態的改變」來表達。 假設語氣：不能用現在式、動詞時態往後退一步、be動詞一律用were。
      與現在事實相反
      If + S1 + 過去式/were …, S + would/should/could/might + 原形動詞 …
      • If I had money, I would buy her the book.
      • If I were rich, I would buy that car.
      與過去事實相反
      If + S1 + 過去完成式(had+PP) …, S + would/should/could/might + have + PP …
      • If I had had money last year, I would have bought her the book.
      與未來事實相反
      表示「萬一」： If + S1 + should + 原形動詞 …, S + 助動詞 + 原形動詞 …
      • If it should rain tomorrow, you don’t expect me.
      表示「絕對不可能」：If + S1 + were to + 原形動詞 …, S + would/should/could/might + 原形動詞 …
      • If the sun were to rise in the west, I would go to the movie with you.

      •  
  • 一致性：
    •  
      主詞是單數「你、我」 I like dog.
      You watch TV.
      You play.
      主詞是第三人稱單數 He likes dog.
      She watches TV.
      My dog plays.
      主詞是複數 They like dog.
      She and I watch TV.
      He and his dog play.
    •  
  • 不定詞：
    • 「不定詞」是非限定動詞，就是「to + 原形動詞」。其形式固定，不受主詞的人稱和數限制，並可當名詞、形容詞、副詞等用。 在同一個句子中，若有第二個動詞出現時，則該第二個動詞可以改成不定詞。
      • He wants to make friends with you.
    • 當名詞：
      不定詞當名詞用時，可當作主詞、受詞或補語。
      • To get up early is good for health.
      • To see is to believe.
      • He is about to go home.
      • Our teacher does not allow us to talk in class room.
    • 當形容詞：
      不定詞可作形容詞的限定用法，該不定詞的動詞必須為及物動詞，置於所修飾的名詞之後。
      • There is nothing to eat.
      • I have many things to do.
    • 當副詞：
      不定詞當作副詞用時，可以修飾動詞、形容詞和副詞。通常都是為了說明目的、結果、理由等。
      • I keep a dog to watch my house.
      • I am glad to meet you.
      • He's sorry to be late.
      • He will go to see the doctor.
    • 疑問不定詞：
      疑問詞(what, where, which, when, how, whether)加上不定詞可以構成疑問不定詞名詞片語，當做主詞、受詞、及主詞補語用。當主詞用時，表示一個事件，後面接單數動詞。
      • I don't know what to do.
      • I don't know where to go.
      • I don't know which to see.
      • I don't know when to leave.
      • I don't know how to do it.
      • I don't know whether to stay or not.
    • 須接不定詞的動詞：
      ask, allow, decide, force, get, have to, hope, invite, learn, need, order, plan, promise, prepare, seem, teach, tell, want, wish, would like

      •  
  • 動名詞：
    • 動名詞和現在分詞是動詞加上ing形成，含有主動的意味，但用法卻完全不同。現在分詞是當作形容詞用。動名詞則有名詞的性質，在句中可作主詞、受詞等，又有動詞的性質，可以帶有受詞，補語或由副詞等修飾。
    • 當名詞：
      動名詞後用單數動詞，但兩個動名詞以上時用複數動詞。
      • Jogging is good for your health.
      • Smoking is a bad habit.
      • Skiing and skating are good winter sports.
    • 當受詞：
      動名詞作及物動詞的受詞，或作介系詞的受詞用。介系詞通常不用不定詞作為受詞。
      • I like jogging.
      • I am tired of eating fish every day.
      • He is good at driving cars.
    • 當補語：
      動名詞可置於be動詞後當主詞補語。
      • His hobby is collecting stamp.
      • Teaching is learning.
    • 當形容詞：
      • His job is a dancing teacher.
      • There is a smoking room.
    • 須接動名詞的動詞：
      admit, appreciate, avoid, be used to, can't help, consider, enjoy, finish, feel like, have fun, imagine, give up, keep, look forward to, mind, miss, practice, prevent, quit, spend, waste

      •  
  • 現在分詞、過去分詞：
    • 現在分詞是動詞加上ing當作形容詞用，含有主動的意味，表示一個動作正在做或正在進行。過去分詞是動詞原式加d/ed的規則形和其他不規則形，含有被動的意味。
      • She is washing the table.
      • They are reading in the class.
      • Dinner was cooked by mom.
      • The book was written by Jim.
      情緒動詞「使...」，須以事物當主詞，可用現在分詞Ving表令人覺得...，可用過去分詞PP表感到...。
      • The story is interesting to me.
      • I am interested in the story.

      •  
  • 助動詞：
    • 主要助動詞：
      為了表達否定、疑問或其他時態及語態方面的意義時，要在句中使用助動詞來協助動詞表達。
      • Jim does not go to school every day. （否定句）
      • Does Jim go to school every day? （問句）
      • Jim has read that book. （完成式）
      • Jim is listening to the radio. （進行式）
      • The cake was eaten by Jim. （被動語態）
    • 語氣助動詞：
      為了表達某種特定的語氣而使用的助動詞稱為「語氣助動詞」。
      • Can I use the telephone? （許可）
      • Jim may be in the class room. （可能）
      • Jim will visit us next weekend. （意圖）
      • You must see us again next summer. （必要）

      •  
  • be 動詞：
    • be動詞是英文中常用的動詞之一，用來表達一種狀態、一種實際的情形。通常與名詞或形容詞合用。
      現在式 am I I am happy.
      is he, she, it,
      第三人稱單數      		 He is happy.
      She is happy.
      My dog is happy.
      are you, we, they,
      主詞為複數      		 You are happy.
      We are happy.
      She and I are happy.
      過去式 was I, he, she, it,
      第三人稱單數      		 I was happy yesterday.
      She was happy yesterday.
      My dog was happy yesterday.
      were you, we, they,
      主詞為複數      		 You were happy yesterday.
      We were happy yesterday.
      She and I were happy yesterday.
    •  
  • 連綴動詞：
    • 連綴動詞是用來「連接、點綴主詞」的動詞，故會在連綴動詞後加上「形容詞」做主詞補語。主詞+連綴動詞+主詞補語。
    • 連綴動詞的分類：
       
      1. be 動詞。
        I am a student.
      2. get、become、turn 表示「轉變、轉換」的動詞。
        The traffic light turns green.
      3. sound（聽起來）、look（看起來）、smell（聞起來）、taste（嘗起來）表示「當下的狀態或感覺」的動詞。
        Your idea sounds good.
        She looks beautiful.
      4. 連綴動詞也可以加上like(像，介系詞)，後面須接名詞，如feel like + N 解釋成看起來像什麼。
        The dog look like a cat.

      •  
  • 感官動詞：
    • 感官動詞指感覺器官的動詞，常見有「看」和「聽」hear, see, watch。 感官動詞的後面動詞，可以是「原形動詞」陳述事實，也可以是「現在分詞」(V-ing) 的形式，強調過程。
      • I saw him drink a cup of coffee.
      • I saw him drinking a cup of coffee.

      •  
  • 使役動詞：
    • 使役動詞的特色就是要求某人做什麼事情，帶有強烈語氣迫使別人做事情，有命令、要求、請求、讓、叫、幫忙的味道。常見有make, have, let, get, help等。又以 make 語氣最為強列再者就是 have。 使役動詞有強迫某人做事，因此後面的動詞用原型動詞。主詞+使役動詞(make, have, let, get, help)+人/動物+原型動詞。要特別注意，很多人會把使役動詞後面須接原型動詞與一般動詞後面須接不定詞的動詞容易造成混淆。
      • The teacher made Jim get his book.
      這兩個一般動詞want及ask並不是使役動詞，其後的動詞要接不定詞。
      • The teacher wanted Jim to get his book.

      •  
  • 授與動詞：
    • 後面要接兩個受詞，以表示授與行為的動詞，常見有：
      用to bring帶、give給、read讀、sell賣、send寄、show秀、tell告訴、write寫
      用for find找、buy買、bring帶、cook煮、draw畫
      口訣：找櫻櫻美黛子畫
      用of ask問、beg求
      授與動詞後面先接人在接物就不需要有介系詞，如果先接物在接人就要有介系詞。
      • I buy a flower for Mary. = I buy Mary a flower.
      • He asked a question of me. = He asked me a question.

      •  
  • 情緒動詞：
    • 情緒動詞「使...」，須以事物當主詞，可用現在分詞Ving表令人覺得...，可用過去分詞PP表感到...。
      boring 令人覺得無聊的 bored 感到無聊的
      exciting 令人興奮的 excited 感到興奮的
      interesting 令人覺得有趣的 interested 感到有趣的
      scaring 令人害怕的 scared 感到害怕的
      surprising 令人驚訝的 surprised 感到驚訝的
      tiring 令人厭倦的 tired 感到厭倦的
      touching 令人感動的 touched 感到感動的
      worrying 令人擔心的 worried 感到擔心的
      V：意思為使...感到。
      • Everything interests me.
      • The ball game excited all the fans.
      Ving：意思為令人覺得...。用法：和名詞搭配用，形容事物。
      • Everything is interesting (to me).
      • The ball game was interesting.
      Ved：意思為某人感到...。用法：和人搭配用，表示情緒。
      • I am interested in everything.
      • All the fans were excited at the ball game.

      •  
  • 花費動詞：
    • spend 的用法：
      主詞必須是「人」，可用於花費「時間」或「金錢」。動詞三態為：spend、spent、spent。
      句型：S + spend/spent + 時間/金錢 + Ving/on N.
      • I spent three hundred dollars buying the book.
      • I spent three hundred dollars on the book.
      • I spent three hours finishing the work.
    • take 的用法：
      只能表達花費「時間」。動詞三態為：take、took、taken。
      句型1：Ving/N. + take/took + 人 + 時間
      • The homework took me three hours.
      句型2：It + takes/took + 人 + 時間 + to V.
      • It took Jim three hours to finish the work.
    • cost 的用法：
      只能用於花費「金錢」。動詞三態為：cost、cost、cost
      句型1：Ving/N. + cost + 人 + 金錢
      • The cake costs me two dollars.
      句型2：It + cost + 人 + 金錢 + to V.
      • It costs Jim one hundred dollars to buy the shoes.

      •  
文章標籤
全站熱搜
創作者介紹
創作者 greenhill33 的頭像
greenhill33

GreenHill 英文app

greenhill33 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣(15,639)